解讀redux工作原理
1. 前言
隨著WEB應用變得越來越復雜,再加上node前后端分離越來越流行,那么對數據流動的控制就顯得越發重要。redux是在flux的基礎上產生的,基本思想是保證數據的單向流動,同時便于控制、使用、測試。
redux不依賴于任意框架(庫),只要subscribe相應框架(庫)的內部方法,就可以使用該應用框架保證數據流動的一致性。
那么如何使用redux呢?下面一步步進行解析,并帶有源碼說明,不僅做到 知其然 ,還要做到 知其所以然 。
2. 主干邏輯介紹(createStore)
2.1 簡單demo入門
先來一個直觀的認識:
// 首先定義一個改變數據的plain函數,成為reducer function count (state, action) { var defaultState = { year: 2015, }; state = state || defaultState; switch (action.type) { case 'add': return { year: state.year + 1 }; case 'sub': return { year: state.year - 1 } default : return state; } } // store的創建 var createStore = require('redux').createStore; var store = createStore(count); // store里面的數據發生改變時,觸發的回調函數 store.subscribe(function () { console.log('the year is: ', store.getState().year); }); // action: 觸發state改變的唯一方法(按照redux的設計思路) var action1 = { type: 'add' }; var action2 = { type: 'add' }; var action3 = { type: 'sub' }; // 改變store里面的方法 store.dispatch(action1); // 'the year is: 2016 store.dispatch(action2); // 'the year is: 2017 store.dispatch(action3); // 'the year is: 2016
2.2 挖掘createStore實現
為了說明主要問題,僅列出其中的關鍵代碼,全部代碼,可以點擊 這里 閱讀。
a首先看createStore到底都返回的內容:
export default function createStore(reducer, initialState) { ... return { dispatch, subscribe, getState, replaceReducer } }
每個屬性的含義是: - dispatch: 用于action的分發,改變store里面的state - subscribe: 注冊listener,store里面state發生改變后,執行該listener - getState: 讀取store里面的state - replaceReducer: 替換reducer,改變state修改的邏輯
b關鍵代碼解析
export default function createStore(reducer, initialState) { // 這些都是閉包變量 var currentReducer = reducer var currentState = initialState var listeners = [] var isDispatching = false; // 返回當前的state function getState() { return currentState } // 注冊listener,同時返回一個取消事件注冊的方法 function subscribe(listener) { listeners.push(listener) var isSubscribed = true return function unsubscribe() { if (!isSubscribed) { return } isSubscribed = false var index = listeners.indexOf(listener) listeners.splice(index, 1) } } // 通過action該改變state,然后執行subscribe注冊的方法 function dispatch(action) { try { isDispatching = true currentState = currentReducer(currentState, action) } finally { isDispatching = false } listeners.slice().forEach(listener => listener()) return action } // 替換reducer,修改state變化的邏輯 function replaceReducer(nextReducer) { currentReducer = nextReducer dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT }) } // 初始化時,執行內部一個dispatch,得到初始state dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT }) }
如果還按照2.1的方式進行開發,那跟flux沒有什么大的區別,需要手動解決很多問題,那redux如何將整個流程模板化(Boilerplate)呢?
3. 保證store的唯一性
隨著應用越來越大,一方面,不能把所有的數據都放到一個reducer里面,另一方面,為每個reducer創建一個store,后續store的維護就顯得比較麻煩。如何將二者統一起來呢?
3.1 demo入手
通過combineReducers將多個reducer合并成一個rootReducer: // 創建兩個reducer: count year function count (state, action) { state = state || {count: 1} switch (action.type) { default: return state; } } function year (state, action) { state = state || {year: 2015} switch (action.type) { default: return state; } }
// 將多個reducer合并成一個 var combineReducers = require('./').combineReducers; var rootReducer = combineReducers({ count: count, year: year, }); // 創建store,跟2.1沒有任何區別 var createStore = require('./').createStore; var store = createStore(rootReducer); var util = require('util'); console.log(util.inspect(store)); //輸出的結果,跟2.1的store在結構上不存在區別 // { dispatch: [Function: dispatch], // subscribe: [Function: subscribe], // getState: [Function: getState], // replaceReducer: [Function: replaceReducer] // }
3.2 源碼解析combineReducers
// 高階函數,最后返回一個reducer export default function combineReducers(reducers) { // 提出不合法的reducers, finalReducers就是一個閉包變量 var finalReducers = pick(reducers, (val) => typeof val === 'function') // 將各個reducer的初始state均設置為undefined var defaultState = mapValues(finalReducers, () => undefined) // 一個總reducer,內部包含子reducer return function combination(state = defaultState, action) { var finalState = mapValues(finalReducers, (reducer, key) => { var previousStateForKey = state[key] var nextStateForKey = reducer(previousStateForKey, action) hasChanged = hasChanged || nextStateForKey !== previousStateForKey return nextStateForKey ); return hasChanged ? finalState : state } }
4. 自動實現dispatch
4.1 demo介紹
在2.1中,要執行state的改變,需要手動dispatch:
var action = { type: '***', payload: '***'}; dispatch(action);
手動dispatch就顯得啰嗦了,那么如何自動完成呢?
var bindActionCreators = require('redux').bindActionCreators; // 可以在具體的應用框架隱式進行該過程(例如react-redux的connect組件中) bindActionCreators(action)
4.2 源碼解析
// 隱式實現dispatch function bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch) { return (...args) => dispatch(actionCreator(...args)) } export default function bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) { if (typeof actionCreators === 'function') { return bindActionCreator(actionCreators, dispatch) } return mapValues(actionCreators, actionCreator => bindAQctionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch) ) }
5. 支持插件 - 對dispatch的改造
5.1 插件使用demo
一個action可以是同步的,也可能是異步的,這是兩種不同的情況, dispatch執行的時機是不一樣的:
// 同步的action creator, store可以默認實現dispatch function add() { return { tyle: 'add' } } dispatch(add()); // 異步的action creator,因為異步完成的時間不確定,只能手工dispatch function fetchDataAsync() { return function (dispatch) { requst(url).end(function (err, res) { if (err) return dispatch({ type: 'SET_ERR', payload: err}); if (res.status === 'success') { dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', payload: res.data }); } }) } }
下面的問題就變成了,如何根據實際情況實現不同的dispatch方法,也即是根據需要實現不同的moddleware:
// 普通的dispatch創建方法 var store = createStore(reducer, initialState); console.log(store.dispatch); // 定制化的dispatch var applyMiddleware = require('redux').applyMiddleware; // 實現action異步的middleware var thunk = requre('redux-thunk'); var store = applyMiddleware([thunk])(createStore); // 經過處理的dispatch方法 console.log(store.dispatch);
5.2 源碼解析
// next: 其實就是createStore export default function applyMiddleware(...middlewares) { return (next) => (reducer, initialState) => { var store = next(reducer, initialState) var dispatch = store.dispatch var chain = [] var middlewareAPI = { getState: store.getState, dispatch: (action) => dispatch(action) } chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI)) dispatch = compose(...chain)(store.dispatch) return { ...store, dispatch // 實現新的dispatch方法 } } } // 再看看redux-thunk的實現, next就是store里面的上一個dispatch function thunkMiddleware({ dispatch, getState }) { return function(next) { return function(action) { typeof action === 'function' ? action(dispatch, getState) : next(action); } } return next => action => typeof action === 'function' ? action(dispatch, getState) : next(action); }
6. 與react框架的結合
6.1 基本使用
目前已經有現成的工具 react-redux 來實現二者的結合:
var rootReducers = combineReducers(reducers); var store = createStore(rootReducers); var Provider = require('react-redux').Provider; // App 為上層的Component class App extend React.Component{ render() { return ( <Provier store={store}> <Container /> </Provider> ); } } // Container作用: 1. 獲取store中的數據; 2.將dispatch與actionCreator結合起來 var connect = require('react-redux').connect; var actionCreators = require('...'); // MyComponent是與redux無關的組件 var MyComponent = require('...'); function select(state) { return { count: state.count } } export default connect(select, actionCreators)(MyComponent)
6.2 Provider – 提供store
React通過Context屬性,可以將屬性(props)直接給子孫component,無須通過props層層傳遞, Provider僅僅起到獲得store,然后將其傳遞給子孫元素而已:
export default class Provider extends Component { getChildContext() { // getChildContext: 將store傳遞給子孫component return { store: this.store } } constructor(props, context) { super(props, context) this.store = props.store } componentWillReceiveProps(nextProps) { const { store } = this const { store: nextStore } = nextProps if (store !== nextStore) { warnAboutReceivingStore() } } render() { let { children } = this.props return Children.only(children) } }
6.3 connect – 獲得store及dispatch(actionCreator)
connect是一個高階函數,首先傳入mapStateToProps、mapDispatchToProps,然后返回一個生產 Component 的函數(wrapWithConnect),然后再將真正的Component作為參數傳入wrapWithConnect(MyComponent),這樣就生產出一個經過包裹的Connect組件,該組件具有如下特點:
- 通過this.context獲取祖先Component的store
- props包括stateProps、dispatchProps、parentProps,合并在一起得到 nextState ,作為props傳給真正的Component
- componentDidMount時,添加事件this.store.subscribe(this.handleChange),實現頁面交互
- shouldComponentUpdate時判斷是否有避免進行渲染,提升頁面性能,并得到nextState
- componentWillUnmount時移除注冊的事件this.handleChange
- 在非生產環境下,帶有熱重載功能
主要的代碼邏輯:
export default function connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps, mergeProps, options = {}) { return function wrapWithConnect(WrappedComponent) { class Connect extends Component { constructor(props, context) { // 從祖先Component處獲得store this.store = props.store || context.store this.stateProps = computeStateProps(this.store, props) this.dispatchProps = computeDispatchProps(this.store, props) this.state = { storeState: null } // 對stateProps、dispatchProps、parentProps進行合并 this.updateState() } shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) { // 進行判斷,當數據發生改變時,Component重新渲染 if (propsChanged || mapStateProducedChange || dispatchPropsChanged) { this.updateState(nextProps) return true } } componentDidMount() { // 改變Component的state this.store.subscribe(() = { this.setState({ storeState: this.store.getState() }) }) } render() { // 生成包裹組件Connect return ( <WrappedComponent {...this.nextState} /> ) } } Connect.contextTypes = { store: storeShape } return Connect; } }
7. redux與react-redux關系圖